Essays/

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  • von Fiammetta Balestracci

    Historical research generally considers the Seventies as a turning point in European history. The hypothesis that a value change took place during that decade arose out of research by the American political scientist Ronald Inglehart. Based on the results of a European Values Survey conducted in six European states (France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, and Britain), Inglehart claimed that Western industrialized countries were undergoing a silent revolution founded on an unprecedented value change that was moving the societies and especially the younger generations towards post-materialist and individualistic attitudes . This theory has been very thoroughly discussed by a number of scientists in an international debate lasting almost fifty years . In the late Nineties, debate in the European Union regarding the European constitution and its values helped to revive the debate, and national historiographies frequently imply parallels and connections between the present and the past of the Seventies . In the same decade the national transformation of Germany with its process of institutional unification also awaked interest in this debate. It was no accident that this transformational theory became prevalent, especially among the German academic community. Historians and sociologists confronted each other, challenging the validity of a theory that had caught the attention of so many social and political actors during the Seventies, serving not only as a key for interpretation, but also actively influencing the historical development of Western society.

  • von Wolfram Fischer

    Im „alten Europa“ bildete das Handwerk neben den Bauern die wichtigste „Produktivkraft“. In den größeren Städten waren sie meist in Zünften organisiert und nahmen seit der „Zunftrevolution“ des späten Mittelalters an der Stadtregierung teil. Sie bildeten die städtische Mittelschicht. Aber auch in kleineren Städten und auf dem Lande, wo es eine zünftige Organisation nur rudimentär oder gar nicht gab, waren viele Handwerker tätig. Für die zünftigen Handwerker galten strenge Regeln für Ausbildung und Ausübung ihres Berufes.[...]