This article analyzes the changing perceptions of Ottomans in German-speaking lands by following the publication history of a fictional Letter of Defiance from 1683 attributed to Sultan Mehmed IV and addressed to Emperor Leopold. This Letter was part of a larger subgenre of similar letters, which were categorized under anti-Ottoman propaganda pamphlets and prints of the 16th and 17th centuries. The images of the Ottomans as enemies and God’s punishment served political and social aims that changed after the turn of the 18th century. The reprints of the 1683 Letter in the context of the late 18th and early 19th centuries were indicative of these changes.